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HEPATITIS VIRUSES

INTRODUCTION TO HEPATITIS VIRUS ⇒ Viral hepatitis is a systemic disease with primary inflammation in the…

IMMUNITY

DEFINITION OF IMMUNITY Immunity is the state of resistance exhibited by the host body against any…

MICROTOMY – THE ART OF SECTION CUTTING

MICROTOMY – THE ART OF SECTION CUTTING Microtomy or section cutting is the technique of making…

VIRUSES – INTRODUCTION, MORPHOLOGY, CLASSIFICATION & RIVER’s POSTULATES

INTRODUCTION TO VIROLOGY Virology is the branch of microbiology that deals with the study of viruses and…

INTRODUCTION & STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA

INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA Bacteria are the large group of unicellular microorganisms that are ubiquitous in nature.…

CULTIVATION OF VIRUSES – HOW DO VIRUSES GROW IN LABORATORY?

CULTIVATION OF VIRUSES ⇒ Viruses are the obligate intracellular parasites, i.e. they strictly require a living…

IMPREGNATION AND TISSUE EMBEDDING

INTRODUCTION TO IMPREGNATION AND TISSUE EMBEDDING The tissues, after fixation and dehydration process, are not sufficiently hard to cut into thin…

ANTIGEN – DEFINITION, PROPERTIES, CLASSIFICATION

INTRODUCTION TO ANTIGENS ⇒ An antigen is a substance which when brought parenterally into the body…

ANTIBODIES – DEFINITION, STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONS & CLASSIFICATION

DEFINITION OF ANTIBODY An antibody is defined as a humoral protein that is immunoglobulin produced in…

SPECTROPHOTOMETER – PRINCIPLE, COMPONENTS, WORKING & APPLICATIONS

A spectrophotometer is an instrument used to measure absorbance at various wavelengths. It is similar to…

COLORIMETER – PRINCIPLE, COMPONENTS, WORKING & APPLICATIONS

⇒ A Colorimeter involves the measurement of Color and is the widely used method for finding the…

PREPARATION OF AN IDEAL BACTERIAL SMEAR

A bacterial smear is required particularly for the microscopic examination of the specimen or the culture…

PREPARATION OF 0.1 N SODIUM CARBONATE (Na2CO3) SOLUTION

A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of only one phase. In such a mixture, a…

PREPARATION OF NORMAL SALINE SOLUTION

Normal Saline Solution (NSS) is commonly used in various laboratory procedures like in the preparation of…

MICROPIPETTES & GUIDELINES OF MICROPIPETTING

MICROPIPETTES….. Micropipettes are the type of air displacement pipettes that are used to transfer the small…

COLOR CODES OF VACUTAINER TUBES & ITS USES

INTRODUCTION TO VACUTAINER TUBES Vacutainer tubes were invented by Joe Kleiner and BD (Becton, Dickinson &…

STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS – MORPHOLOGY, CLASSIFICATION, CULTURE, IDENTIFICATION, TOXINS & LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

Staphylococcus is a genus of Gram +ve, round shape bacteria that are arranged in grape-like clusters.…

ALBERT STAINING – PRINCIPLE, REQUIREMENTS, PROCEDURE & RESULT INTERPRETATION

INTRODUCTION TO ALBERT STAINING Corynebacterium is the genus of Gram +ve, non-acid-fast, non-sporing, non-motile bacilli. The…

ACID FAST STAINING – PRINCIPLE, REQUIREMENTS, PROCEDURE, INTERPRETATION

INTRODUCTION TO ACID FAST STAINING Acid fast staining technique was developed in 1882 by Paul Ehrlich…

SYSTEMATIC VIROLOGY

In this section, We are providing you the quality study notes of every single virus where…