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FIXATION – THE TECHNIQUE OF FIXING THE TISSUES

INTRODUCTION TO FIXATION Fixation is a process by which the constituents of the cells and thereby…

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) – MORPHOLOGY, CLASSIFICATION, CLINICAL FEATURES & LAB DIAGNOSIS

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) ⇒ HIV, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus is the causative agent…

CLEARING OF TISSUES – THE TECHNIQUE OF MAKING THE TISSUES TRANSPARENT

INTRODUCTION TO CLEARING OF TISSUES After dehydrating the tissues, the alcohol present in them must be removed…

HEPATITIS VIRUSES

INTRODUCTION TO HEPATITIS VIRUS ⇒ Viral hepatitis is a systemic disease with primary inflammation in the…

IMMUNITY

DEFINITION OF IMMUNITY Immunity is the state of resistance exhibited by the host body against any…

MICROTOMY – THE ART OF SECTION CUTTING

MICROTOMY – THE ART OF SECTION CUTTING Microtomy or section cutting is the technique of making…

VIRUSES – INTRODUCTION, MORPHOLOGY, CLASSIFICATION & RIVER’s POSTULATES

INTRODUCTION TO VIROLOGY Virology is the branch of microbiology that deals with the study of viruses and…

INTRODUCTION & STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA

INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA Bacteria are the large group of unicellular microorganisms that are ubiquitous in nature.…

CULTIVATION OF VIRUSES – HOW DO VIRUSES GROW IN LABORATORY?

CULTIVATION OF VIRUSES ⇒ Viruses are the obligate intracellular parasites, i.e. they strictly require a living…

IMPREGNATION AND TISSUE EMBEDDING

INTRODUCTION TO IMPREGNATION AND TISSUE EMBEDDING The tissues, after fixation and dehydration process, are not sufficiently hard to cut into thin…

ANTIGEN – DEFINITION, PROPERTIES, CLASSIFICATION

INTRODUCTION TO ANTIGENS ⇒ An antigen is a substance which when brought parenterally into the body…

ANTIBODIES – DEFINITION, STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONS & CLASSIFICATION

DEFINITION OF ANTIBODY An antibody is defined as a humoral protein that is immunoglobulin produced in…

SPECTROPHOTOMETER – PRINCIPLE, COMPONENTS, WORKING & APPLICATIONS

A spectrophotometer is an instrument used to measure absorbance at various wavelengths. It is similar to…

COLORIMETER – PRINCIPLE, COMPONENTS, WORKING & APPLICATIONS

⇒ A Colorimeter involves the measurement of Color and is the widely used method for finding the…

PREPARATION OF AN IDEAL BACTERIAL SMEAR

A bacterial smear is required particularly for the microscopic examination of the specimen or the culture…

PREPARATION OF 0.1 N SODIUM CARBONATE (Na2CO3) SOLUTION

A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of only one phase. In such a mixture, a…

PREPARATION OF NORMAL SALINE SOLUTION

Normal Saline Solution (NSS) is commonly used in various laboratory procedures like in the preparation of…

MICROPIPETTES & GUIDELINES OF MICROPIPETTING

MICROPIPETTES….. Micropipettes are the type of air displacement pipettes that are used to transfer the small…

COLOR CODES OF VACUTAINER TUBES & ITS USES

INTRODUCTION TO VACUTAINER TUBES Vacutainer tubes were invented by Joe Kleiner and BD (Becton, Dickinson &…

STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS – MORPHOLOGY, CLASSIFICATION, CULTURE, IDENTIFICATION, TOXINS & LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

Staphylococcus is a genus of Gram +ve, round shape bacteria that are arranged in grape-like clusters.…